| Vasily Nemirovich-Danchenko | |
|---|---|
| Born | January 4, 1845 Tiflis |
| Died | September 18, 1936 (aged 91) Prague |
Vasily Ivanovich Nemirovich-Danchenko (Russian: Васи́лий Ива́нович Немиро́вич-Да́нченко, born December 23 (January 4), 1845, Tiflis (now Tbilisi, Georgia), Russian Empire - died September 18, 1936, Prague, Chechoslovakia) was a Russian writer, essayist, journalist, memoirist, and the brother of famous theater director Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko. Vasily Nemirovich-Danchenko, the most prolific Russian writer of the late XIX-early XX century, published more than 250 books; he was widely popular among the general reading public, but had little success with mainstream critics.[1]
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Vasily Nemirovich-Danchenko was born in Tiflis, the son of a Russian army officer based in the Caucasus. His memories of early childhood formed the basis of many of his later books, notably those dealing with thw Caucasian Wars (The Forgotten Fortress novel, 1895, Gavryushka's Captivity, 1917). He began writing poetry while a student of the Moscow 1st Cadets Corps (1854–1863). In the 1860s he became a member of the Saint Petersburg literary circle based around Sophia Mei (poet Lev Mei's wife). It was in the Modny Magazin (Fashionable Magazine) she edited that Nemirovich-Danchenko published his first poems in 1865.[1]
In early 1870 Nemirovich-Danchenko was deported to Archangelsk (some biographers suggested it was due to embezzlement, but the exact reason remained unclear).[2] From there he wrote a letter to Aleksey Nekrasov, complaining about the injustices he had suffered. The latter took interest in the young poet and published five of his verses in his Otechestvennye Zapiski (1871, #11, signed D.) magazine, under the title Songs of the Fallen.[3] The magazine's reputation was such that several "thick" journals took interest in Nemirovich-Danchenko and his documentary prose. Many of his essays (Beyond the Polar Circle, 1876; From the Ocean: Essays, 1874; Solovki: Remembering a tour with Worshippers, 1874), full of original ethnographic material written in an engaging, lively manner, became highly popular and were later re-issued as compilations. "Who's the author of those articles on Solovetsky Monastery in Vestnik Evropy? They are excellent.", wrote Ivan Turgenev to Stasyulevich, the magazine's editor-in-chief.[4]
Nemirovich-Danchenko published the majority of his novels, short stories and books for children in the 1870s. A newew series of documentaries (The Bound-up Wanderers, 1877) followed, but this time the critical reception was more cool. Nikolay Mikhaylovsky, while giving the author credit for "having some talent" and "fluency of style" criticised him for being too flashy and "ostentatious in attention-grabbing".[5] It was this aspect of Nemirovich-Danchenko's prose that made it very popular with readers and unpopular with reviewers. Having gained the reputation of a 'tourist writer' and 'ethnographical correspondent', he spent years touring Russia and abroad. The ethnographic material gathered was used extensively in his later fiction (novels Smugglers, 1892 and The Great Old Man, 1898, among others).[1]
As the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) broke out, for the first time in Russian history newspaper correspondents were admitted to the fighting Army. Nemirovich-Danchenko travelled to the Balkans as the correspondent for Novoye Vremya (The New Times). His reports were published under the Shest (Six) moniker and later made part one of the One Year of War[6] compilation. He took part in all of the key military operations and was rewarded with the St. George's Cross, usually reserved for heroic soldiers. His cycle of war novels: The Storm (Гроза, 1879), Plevna and Shipka (Плевна и Шипка, 1881), Forward! (Вперед!, 1883), as well as numerous novelets and short stories were based on his experiences as a correspondent.
The common characteristic of Nemirovich-Danchenko's novels was their "overpopulation"; they boasted a large number of characters, most of them vague and undeveloped. What he was exceptionally good at, though, was depicting the 'sister of mercy' type of women finding their calling in life in evangelical self-sacrifice. Some critics argued that most of Nemirovich-Danchenko's books of the time were hardly novels in the common sence of the word: huge in size (averaging 700 pages each), they were, in effect, just long sequences of scenes, connected not by a plot line, but by the main characters appearing here and there.[1]
The book of war memoirs called Skobelev: How I Remembered Him (Скобелев. Личные воспоминания и впечатления, 1882) featuring Mikhail Skobelev, the legendary Russian Army general and Turk War hero as its main character, and containing a wealth of priceless documentary and first-hand historic material written in a captivating manner, became widely popular - among the critics too, for a change.[7] It was general Skobelev who served as a prototype for another well-known Nemirovich-Danchenko novel, The Family of Great Warriors (Семья богатырей).[1]
In 1882 Nemirovich-Danchenko published his first book of poems. In the 1880s and 1890s several of his novels and shorst stories came out (in Russkaya mysl, Sever, Nablyudatel and many other magazines) in which the "world of financial capital" served as the major theme. These books dealt with bank crises, financial machinations, stock exchange speculations, money laundering, the shadowy side of the massive railway boom investments, and the murky world of concessions and joint-stock companies (The Lights on Moors, 1903; Slastyonov’s Millions, 1893; Diamonds Trump!, 1894, The Tsars of Stock Exchange, 1886). Highly dinamic and full of action, these novels were steeped with murder and suicide, had exuberant and preposterous finales, and were jeered by serious critics as totally farcial. This flaw was evident even more in Nemirovich-Danchenko's romantic fiction (Two Diaries, 1901, A Woman's Confession, 1889, On Different Roads (1894). With the adultery 'theme' being a common leitmotif, and with the "downfalls" of plenty of women, none of them depicted very logically.[1]
Some of Nemirovich-Danchenko's novels, concerning "the small man's troubles" (Wolves' Feast) found favor with the leftist press; Russkaya Mysl wrote benignly of the author’s "picturing the unseen heroes who go fearlessly ahead and fight to save the dying and help the suffering".[8] It was this magazine that supported the author the most, seeing his works as "full of deep love for human beings" and carrying "the faith in God's eternal light filling human souls".[9]
One of the most successful of Nemirovich-Danchenko's books was Major Bobkov and His Orphans, a novel about a man of the highest moral standards who devotes his life to the bringing up of orphan children, refusing himself everything for their happiness. Again, it even touched the soul strings of those critics who otherwise treated the author sceptically. Russkoye Bogatstvo wrote of "the novelet's original and beautiful story line",[10] while Akim Volynsky, a critic known for his severe judgements, wrote sympathisingy of this paen for "the self-effacing, self-sacrificing man labouring selfishly for the happiness of other people".[11]
As the Russian-Japanese war broke out, Nemirovich-Danchenko travelled to Manchuria as a Novoye Slovo war correspondent and in the first year of his mission there he published 350 reports which had "an astounding success".[12] Nemirovich-Danchenko served again as a correspondent in World War I. His popularity with readers never waned; not long before his emigration in 1921 a Vestnik Literatury reviewer described him as "one of our best stylists" and a "master of poetry in prose" whose "books are invariably among the most in demand in libraries ".[13]
Nemirovich-Danchenko was one of the most prolific writers in the history of Russian literature, having published more than 250 books in his lifetime. Dmitry Grigorovich wrote of him: "...What a wonderful novelist Vasily Ivanovich would have made, had he, instead of writing forty volumes, written, say, six. He is a man of such extraordinary talent".[14]